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Karl Marx Life History - Words | Research Paper Example
Karl Marx postulated many economic theories throughout his life culminating in the theory of value. Born to Jewish parents in in Prussia province, Rhineland, currently called Trier, Marx studied history and philosophy at the University of Bonn, obtained a law degree from Jena University, and later obtained a PhD from the prestigious University of Berlin, Germany, at the age of He later turned to radical journalism becoming a newspaper editor after he failed to secure an academic career due to his radicalism Cohen,p.
However, the Prussian authorities censored the newspaper that he was an editor, after his continued attacks on the Prussian leadership, forcing him to relocate to Paris in In Paris, he again established a radical journal, which was also suppressed by the authorities later on. InFrench authorities expelled Marx forcing him to move life history research paper example Brussels, where together with his friend, Frederick Engels, founded the Communist League with a Communist Manifesto in The founding of the Communist League by Karl Marx and Engels coincided with the revolutionary upheavals across Europe.
However, following the unsuccessful revolution inMarx was again routed from Germany and the extremist newspaper he edited in Cologne banned. Subsequently, Marx moved to London in the same year where he eventually settled for the rest of his life Cohen,p. In London, Marx lived in poverty with his family supported by the little proceeds from occasional journalism and financial assistance from his long time friend, Engels. It was during this time that Marx developed major works on capitalism culminating on a systematic theory on capitalism.
Throughout his life, Marx involved himself in social criticism of leadership particularly in Germany. Hegel political philosophy revolved around his belief that every idea produced an opposed idea resulting in a conflict or struggle Cohen,p. In contrast, Marx, being a materialist, believed that society was greatly influenced by economic dynamics.
After he moved to Paris inMarx dived into radical economic thinking reaching a conclusion that the industrial revolution that characterized Europe in the 19 th Century only benefitted the capitalistic employers at the expense of poor laborers. Inhe wrote his first volume on capitalism where he criticized the capitalist system of injustice life history research paper example exploiting the workers while enriching their capitalist employers.
He then suggested that proletarians would subvert the capitalist system of individual ownership of property and substitute it with a communist economic system, which would allow them to share the wealth they created and own property jointly, life history research paper example. While in Brussels, life history research paper example, Marx and his friend Engels formed a small group of radical workers, which they later named the Communist League infollowed by the authorship of its Communist Manifesto in the same year.
Life history research paper example the manifesto, Marx described the historical scientific and economic developments and explained how the future would unfold. He attempted to show that historically, the society is under constant class struggles and that one economic class always oppresses the other.
However, he noted that the suppressed class finally stands up, disputes the existing systems, and institutes a new system. At the time, Marx was referring to the rich industrial class that suppressed and victimized the majority workers. He called this class, the bourgeoisie; a wealthy class that used its wealth power to control and exploit workers.
From his economic perspective, the value of a product was determined by the amount of labor input during its manufacturing process. However, he pointed out that, under the capitalist system, the workers least benefitted from their labor while their employers became wealthier. As a result, the employers enslaved the workers. Marx argued that the exploitation would lead to a new class struggle between the wealthy and the working class with the proletariat becoming unified to overthrow the current system and take control of leadership.
After the working class has subverted the wealthy, Marx projected that class struggles would end. The main purpose of the class struggles would be to dispatch the private possession of property and means of production and in the process eliminate economic and social divisions. Furthermore, Marx believed that through a socialist system, the worker productivity would increase leading to greater economic development.
As the social and economic divisions disappear following the communistic revolution, Marx envisioned that, the need for capitalistic rule would also disappear. He expected this revolution would first occur in Germany and then spread to the rest of the world. In concluding the Communist Manifesto, he warned the then ruling class to prepare for a communist revolution life history research paper example the proletarians, who had nothing to lose, against the wealthy ruling class.
However, the capitalist governments destroyed the revolutionary Communist League, its members prosecuted, and others exiled to foreign nations. After publishing the Communist Manifesto, followed by worker revolts in Germany and other European nations, Marx, together with his family, relocated to London, where he wrote many essays criticizing the existing system Engels,p.
However, he pointed out that capitalism was likely to fail. This would lead to a class struggle involving the majority workers and the rich powerful capitalists and eventually result to communism replacing capitalism. Marx, in his last writing oftargeted the upcoming industrialist state of Russia, where he noted the peasants were life history research paper example to revolt against the capitalist rule.
Marx disapproved the common notion that money arose as a convenient medium of exchange to commodity exchange or barter system of trade Marx,p.
He instead argued that, money is not the result of agreements between the buyer and the seller but arose as a medium of exchange spontaneously during trade Marx,p. This was the focus of his labor theory of value, where he explained why, and how money evolved as a medium of exchange in capitalisms. However, in one of his essays inMarx notes that, life history research paper example, it is important that societies embrace a common mechanism that would measure the various types of productive activities of the economy Marx,p.
Marx felt that, if the economic welfare of the society is to be promoted, the present productive activities must be unified by a universal and durable system. He suggests that private exchange of products in capitalist life history research paper example links together independent producers Marx,p.
Thus, in his theory of value, Marx undertakes to understand what makes independent forms of qualitative human labor to be exchanged at a specified quantitative value through the exchange of commodities.
In responding to this problem, Marx through his theory of value describes how the production processes are linked in capitalistic societies. Additionally, the theory explains that money is essential as means of coordinating the labor processes. He then explains that the exchange is not determined by their degree of utility alone. According to Marx, value indicates the mutuality between independent producers in goods producing economies. In this regard, Marx explains that value expresses the relationship between independent producers in the society, a form of reciprocal relationship in the society.
Marx further explains that the value of a commodity can be historical; that is, it develops with other historical forms in the society such as social labor Marx,p. More precisely, commodity value stands for the abstract social labor that is convertible directly or indirectly for other goods produced in the society. In this regard, the commodity exchange coordinates independent producers in a commodity producing society.
This means that, in any society, the commodity value must have an independent form of expression as no commodity can set its own value. Indeed, it is necessity of developing an independent life history research paper example or abstract labor that stimulates the development of money Marx,p.
He explains that, in a society reliant on commodity production and exchange, the value of one commodity can be determined against equivalent commodities Marx,p. In the event that no commodity forms an equivalent of another commodity, then the value of each commodity will be expressed differently. Obviously, the exchange system for commodities will have no unity of value. Therefore, the generalized process of production and exchange requires that one commodity plays the exclusive role as a universal equivalent to the rest.
Thus, money represents an ecumenical social pattern of determining exchange-value or price of goods and subsequently convertible for all goods and abstract human labor. In his theory of value, Marx attempts to explain how the evolution of money proceeds simultaneously with the life history research paper example of commodity production and exchange.
Eventually, money becomes the system that unifies and coordinates the diverse human labor and production in capitalist society Marx, life history research paper example,p. It allows producers to equate the value of their products based on the abstract labor input leading to price determination.
Thus, money is a store of value, which allows individuals in capitalist economies to become wealthy. In capitalist economies, the accumulation of money life history research paper example capital demonstrates the domination and control of human labor and production in these economies. In addition, the accumulation of money into capital is the basis of modern financial systems and institutions Marx,p. He explains that the phenomenon of division of labor common in capitalist economies raises the possibility of disrupting life history research paper example and commodity exchange.
More importantly, in capitalist states, individuals can cache money as a depot of value or capital and in the process affect the process of commodity production and human labor. Marx points out that the use of money, as a medium of coordinating production activities in capitalistic societies is likely to cause economic crises and political instability Marx,p.
In this way, Marx points out as to the limitations of using money as a medium of exchange and in production in capitalist societies. Cohen, G. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Marx, K. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.
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How to Write a History Research Paper
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